De proprietatibus gentium
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A Frankish, possibly Spanish tract written in the ninth century, which lists the defining weaknesses and strengths of various gentes, including the Irish and the Britons. Two versions of it are known: a shorter one listing single characteristics, whether positive or negative, for twelve gentes (including ira Britanorum and libido Scotorum); and a longer version with two separate lists of vices (e.g. libido Scottorum, duritia Pictorum and ira Brittanorum/brit(t))onum) and virtues (e.g. Scottorum fidelitas, Pictorum magnanimitas and Brittanorum/brit(t))onum) hospitalitas).